Working Paper

Political Repression and Nation-building

The Best Paper Award, Annual International Symposium on Quantitative History 2021

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Nations are products of modernity, but often rooted in deep history. This paper examines how 17th-century Manchu repression of Han Chinese shaped 20th-century nation-building in China, as revolutionaries reframed repression as ethnic conflict through modern newspapers. Applying machine learning to 300,000 articles, I show that prefectures with histories of repression produced more nationalist revolutionaries in response to anti-Manchu propaganda. Using historical political cycles as an instrument, I confirm the causal link. The transmission operated through cultural channels that preserved historical memory. These findings reveal how historical narratives, activated by media, influenced political identity and nation-building.

The Economics of Mobilizing Free-riders: Evidence from the Chinese Civil War 1945-1949

NSF Dissertation Grant # 2214884

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Redistribution can facilitate military mobilization, but it may also intensify free-riding. During the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) launched a radical land reform that transferred land from landlords to peasants. Drawing on death records of over 566,162 CCP soldiers, I find that land reform increased military participation on the extensive margin. However, the intensive margin declined when redistribution was larger, indicating heightened free-riding. Importantly, both margins were positive only in counties near Kuomintang (KMT) forces, where the threat of landlord reprisals was high. These findings suggest that violent class struggle strategically reshaped the costs of non-participation to mobilize peasants for war.

Nixon's Visit to China: Technology Diffusion and Agricultural Development, Kang Zhou

Nixon's visit to China laid the foundation for China's rapprochement with the West. As a direct outcome, China gained access to Western technology, which led to the construction of modern ammonia-urea fertilizer plants. We estimate the effect of access to the high-quality fertilizer on local development in China. We show that counties located closer to fertilizer plants experienced greater increases in grain output per capita and total output. These productivity gains were amplified in counties with improved land property rights, a central element of China's 1978 reform. We further document a demographic transition toward lower fertility and higher educational attainment. The arrival of this technology also expanded the provision of public goods and spurred firm entry. These findings highlight the big developmental effect of lifting politically motivated technology blockades through cross-country technology diffusion.

Publication

2024  Wrongful Convictions with Chinese Characteristics. Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, 32(1), 143–163. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/ecot.12384 . with Li, Wei .

2023 The Sin of Words: Censorship and self-censorship in China during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). Asia-Pacific Economic History Review, 63 (2), 145–165. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1111/aehr.12268.

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Selected Work in Progress

Property over Loyalty, with Ke Rong, Zhihao Xu, Sicheng Zhao. (Draft Coming Soon)